Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology

The ability to identify exactly which microorganism strain is present in a sample is a fundamental need of almost all microbiologists, and rapid molecular techniques for these analyses are replacing traditional culture-based methods. Microbiological contamination refers to the non-intended or accidental introduction of infectious material like bacteria, yeast, mould, fungi, virus, prions, protozoa or their toxins and by-products.

Microorganisms are diverse in nature. Because majority of the microorganisms are non culturable, it is important to utilize culture autonomous systems to examine the uncultured organisms. Metagenomics is tool which comprehends genetic makeup of uncultivable microorganisms. As of now, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is a standout amongst the most progressive innovations utilized as a part of metagenomics. 

Molecular immunology deals with activities of cells in experimental or clinical situations. It is the interactions among cells and molecules of the immune system that contribute to the recognition and elimination of pathogens. The response to pathogens is composed by the complex interactions and activities of the large number of diverse cell types involved in the immune response.

Microbial biochemistry comprises of biochemical reactions in microbial growth, various modes and mechanisms/ processes of pathogenesis required in causing infection/ diseases in the host. It involves the study of microbial growth, microbial cell structure, microbial metabolism, primary and advanced functions and the interactions of biological macromolecules, like carbohydrates, proteins, Fatty Acids and Lipids and nucleic acids; which cater the skeletal aspect and basis of functions affiliated with life..

Drug discovery and development is the process by which a new drug is identified and distributed in the market. Discovery may involve screening of chemical libraries, identification of the active ingredient from a traditional remedy or design resulting from an understanding of the target.

The study of biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs is known as pharmacodynamics. These effects can be observed in animals, humans, microbes or a combination of organisms. The study of how the organism affects the drug is known as pharmacokinetics. Dosage, Benefits and adverse effects are influenced by both pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.

Bio pharmaceutics is the study of drug absorption rate that is affected by various factors like physical and chemical properties of the drug, the dosage form of the drug and the route of administration. Pharmaceutical technology is the appliance of scientific knowledge or technology to pharmacy, pharmacology, and the pharmaceutical industry. It includes design, techniques, and instrumentation in the manufacture, preparation, compounding, dispensing, packaging, and accumulating of narcotic and other preparations used in diagnostic and determinative procedures and in the treatment of patients.

Regenerative medicine is the branch of medicine that develops methods to regrow, repair or replace damaged or diseased cells, organs or tissues. Regenerative medicine includes the generation and use of therapeutic stem cells, tissue engineering and the production of artificial organs.

Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. They are found in multicellular organisms

Bioprocess engineering, also biochemical engineering, is a specialization of chemical engineering or Biological engineering, It deals with the design and development of equipment and processes for the manufacturing of products such as agriculture, food, feed, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, chemicals, and polymers and paper from biological materials & treatment of waste water.

Systems biology, the study of the interactions and behaviour of the components of biological entities, including molecules, cells, organs, and organisms.

Biotechnology has discovered modern medical devices for diagnostic and preventive purposes, which include diagnostic test kits, vaccines and radio-labelled biological therapeutics used for imaging and analysis. Human health is a major growing problem worldwide because of infectious diseases. Biotechnology has played an effective role in improving the challenges regarding to human health as it has flexibility to reduce global health differences by the provision of promising technologies. Health, life quality and expectancy of life have been increased worldwide through the services provided by biotechnology. Malnutrition mainly arises due to the lack of essential nutrients and vitamins in food and ultimately results in death. Biotechnology has play a major role in eliminating these problems by producing nutrients enriched food such as Golden Rice, Maize, potato and soybean etc. Biotechnology has also played an important role in controlling the environmental pollution through biodegradation of potential pollutants. This review sketches improvement of human health by the use of biotechnological advances in molecular diagnostics, medicine, vaccines, nutritionally enriched genetically modified crops and waste management.

Nano biotechnology is a discipline in which tools from nanotechnology are developed and applied to study biological phenomena. For example, nanoparticles can serve as probes, sensors or vehicles for biomolecule delivery in cellular systems. There are two main strategies are being employed in this study on Nano biotechnology: top-down and bottom-up. Whereas in one molecular components are being integrated into an assembly, other forms the basis of forming Nano scale particles from larger molecules.

Data integrity is the overall accuracy, completeness, and consistency of data. Data integrity also refers to the safety of data in regards to regulatory compliance. It is maintained by a collection of processes, rules, and standards implemented during the design phase.

Molecular Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary approach to understand biological functions and regulation at the level of molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The development of Watson - Crick Model of DNA during the 1950s and 1960s, which made a rapid advancement in biological science for molecular biologist to study gene structure and function for research. The knowledge derived from physics, microbiology, mathematics, genetics, biochemistry, cell biology and other scientific fields to study the molecular techniques.

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A device that uses biological materials to monitor the presence of various chemicals in a substance. A sensor that integrates a biological element with a physiochemical transducer to produce an electronic signal proportional to a single analyte which is then conveyed to a detector. The development of micro- and nano-array devices that contain biosensor substructure and multiple and parallel detection procedure. For example, DNA is an ideal molecule for microchip devices for the diagnosis of heredity-related diseases due to the recognition specificity, stability and versatile structure.

In the course of recent years, data innovation has majorly affected the working existences of a huge number of individuals. Numerous ventures have grasped PC innovation because of the advantages of robotized data preparing. These incorporate empowering normal, redundant and tedious undertakings to be directed with predictable precision; standardisation and steady utilization of terminology and mass customisation.

Medicinal chemistry and pharmaceutical chemistry are disciplines at the crossing point of chemistry, particularly engineered natural science, and pharmacology and different other biological specialities, where they are included with chemical synthesis, design and improvement for market of pharmaceutical specialists or drugs

Clinical Pharmacy 2019 covers various aspects of Clinical Pharmacy: Activities and Prescriptions, Clinical Pharmacists: Critical Roles and Responsibilities in Patient Care, Hospital & Industrial Pharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy & Specialty Pharmacy Practice, Implementation of Best Clinical Practices, Pharmacy and Healthcare in treating Cancers & Diabetes: Challenges Approaches, Challenges in Pediatric Healthcare and Medicine, Healthcare Nursing, Healthcare & Hospital Management, Pharmacy and Healthcare IT, Health Innovation, Informatics, Digital Health & e-Health, Healthcare Economics and Outcome research, Entrepreneurs Investment meet.